Bob Hoffman Home > Glossary
- Adjustable-Rate Mortgage (ARM)
A mortgage that permits the lender to periodically adjust the interest rate on the basis of changes in a specified index. - Amortization
The gradual reduction of the mortgage debt through regularly scheduled payments over the term of the loan. - Annual Percentage Rate (APR)
The measure of the cost of credit stated as a yearly rate; includes such items as the stated interest rate, plus certain charges. - Appraisal
A written estimate or opinion of a property’s value prepared by a qualified appraiser. - Balloon Mortgage
A mortgage in which the borrower's monthly payments are amortized over a longer period than the actual term of the mortgage. As a result, at the end of the loan term, the borrower must pay off the remaining balance with a single lump sum payment or refinance the loan. - Bankruptcy
When a debtor yields his or her assets to the bankruptcy court and thereby is relieved of the duty to repay unsecured debts. After claiming this provision of federal law, the debtor is discharged of existing unsecured debt; the unsecured creditors may not continue collection actions. Although they may not take additional action to collect from the debtor, those creditors holding deeds of trust or judgment liens are secured by the property. Not all debts may be discharged. - Broker
A person who coordinates funding or negotiates contracts for a client but does not loan the money him- or herself. - Buy-down
A situation in which the lender subsidizes the mortgage by lowering the interest rate. During the first few years, the loan payments are low, but they will increase when the funding expires. - Cap
For an Adjustable-Rate Mortgage (ARM), a limitation on the amount the interest rate or mortgage payments may increase or decrease. - Certificate of Title
The attorney's written opinion establishing the status of title for a property as reflected on the public records. The certificate does not address issues not on record and offers no protection unless the writer of the certificate was negligent. - Closing
Also called settlement, a meeting between the buyer, seller and lender and/or their agents during which the property and funds legally transfer. - Closing Costs
Expenses that fall above the price of the property that are incurred by buyers and sellers in the process of transferring ownership of a property. Closing costs usually include an origination fee, discount points, appraisal fee, title search and insurance, survey, taxes, deed recording fee, credit report charge and other costs assessed at settlement. The cost of closing typically is about 3 percent to 6 percent of the mortgage amount. Closing costs will vary according to the area of the country; your PrimeLending loan officer is able to provide estimates of closing costs for you. - Closing Disclosure
The closing disclosure is designed to provide disclosures that will be helpful to consumers in understanding all of the costs of the transaction prior to closing. - Collateral
Property assured to secure a loan. - Commitment
A pledge by a lender to provide a loan on specific terms or conditions to a borrower. - Credit Report
A report with documentation of the borrower's credit history and current status of credit. - Debt-to-Income Ratio
The relationship between a borrower's total monthly debt payments (including proposed housing expenses) and his or her gross monthly income; this calculation is used in determining the mortgage amount that a borrower qualifies for. - Deed
The written document conveying real property. The original piece of paper is not needed to convey title in the future once recorded at the county recorder's office. - Default
The failure to make a schedule payment or otherwise comply with the terms of a mortgage loan or other contract. - Deferred Interest
The amount of interest that is added to the principal balance of a loan when the contractual terms of that loan allow for a scheduled payment to be made that is less than the interest due. - Delinquency
The amount of interest that is added to the principal balance of a loan when the contractual terms of that loan allow for a scheduled payment to be made that is less than the interest due. - Depreciation
A decline in property value. - Discount Point (or Point)
A fee paid by the borrower at closing to reduce the interest rate. A point equals 1 percent of the loan amount. - Down Payment
Money paid up front to make up the difference between the purchase price and the mortgage amount. Down payments usually are 5% to 20% of the sales price on conventional loans. - Earnest Money
Money paid by a buyer to a seller to cement a transaction or ensure payment. Usually between 1 to 5% of the purchase price, the amount becomes a part of the down payment if the offer is accepted. The money is returned to the borrower if the offer is rejected. If the borrower cancels the transaction, the entire amount may be forfeited. - Easement
The right to use the land of another for a specific limited purpose. - Encroachment
The physical intrusion of a structure or improvement (such as a fence) on the land of another. - Encroachment
The physical intrusion of a structure or improvement (such as a fence) on the land of another. - Escrow
An item of value, money, or documents deposited with a third party to be delivered upon the fulfillment of a condition. For example, the deposit by a borrower with the lender of funds to pay taxes and insurance premiums when they become due, or the deposit of funds or documents with an attorney or escrow agent to be disbursed upon the closing of a sale of real estate. - Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (FHLMC)
Also known as "Freddie Mac," the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation provides a secondary market for mortgage financing by purchasing conventional loans. - Federal Housing Administration (FHA)
A division of the Department of Housing and Urban Development. Its main purpose is the insuring of residential mortgage loans made by private lenders. FHA also sets standards for underwriting mortgages. - Federal National Morgage Association (FNMA)
Also known as "Fannie Mae," this secondary mortgage institution is the largest single holder of home mortgages in the United States. FNMA purchases VA, FHA, and conventional mortgages from primary lenders. - Fixed Rate Mortgage
Throughout the term of the loan, this mortgage interest rate will remain the same for the original borrower. - Float Down Option
The float down option gives you the ability to reduce your interest rate if the market improves after you lock in your rate. The float down option is applied to the interest rate only and is based on the initial lock period; it may be utilized with all conforming loans – both government and conventional. - Foreclosure
Also known as a repossession of property, this occurs when the lender or the seller legally forces a sale of a property because the borrower has not met the terms of the mortgage. - Guaranty
The pledge of one party to pay a debt or fulfill a responsibility contracted by another if the original party neglects to pay or perform according to terms of the contract. - Hazard Insurance
When an insurance company covers the insured from loss or damage to the property resulting from issues, such as fire, windstorm and the like. - HUD
The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. Established in 1965, HUD develops national policies and programs to address housing needs in the U.S. One of the main missions of HUD is to create a suitable living environment for all Americans by developing and improving the country's communities and enforcing fair housing laws. - Index
A published interest rate against which lenders measure the difference between the current interest rate on an adjustable rate mortgage and that earned by other investments (such as one- three-, and five-year U.S. Treasury security yields, the monthly average interest rate on loans closed by savings and loan institutions, and the monthly average costs-of-funds incurred by savings and loans), which is then used to adjust the interest rate on an adjustable mortgage up or down. - Interim Financing
A construction loan made during the completion of a building project. After completion of the project, a permanent loan typically takes the place of this loan. - LIBOR
The London Interbank Offered Rate, or LIBOR, is the most common benchmark interest rate index used to make adjustments to adjustable-rate mortgages (ARMs). LIBOR will be phased out by 2021 and replaced with an alternative interest rate benchmark. - Lien
A claim against property. Property is said to be encumbered by a lien and the lien must be removed to clear title. - Lifetime Cap
For an adjustable-rate mortgage (ARM), a limit on the amount that the interest rate or monthly payment can increase or decrease over the life of the loan. - Loan Estimate
The loan estimate is designed to provide disclosures that will be helpful to consumers in understanding the key features, costs, and risks of the mortgage loan for which they are applying. - Loan Origination Fee
This pays the administrative costs of processing the loan. Usually, it is expressed in points with one point being 1% of the mortgage amount. - Loan-to-Value Ratio (or LTV Ratio)
The relationship between the loan amount and the value of the property (the lower of appraised value or sales price), expressed as a percentage of the property's value. For example, a $100,000 home with an $80,000 mortgage has an LTV of 80 percent. - Lock-In
The lender guarantees a specified interest rate if a mortgage goes to closing within a set period of time through this written agreement. This typically specifies the number of points to be paid at closing as well. - Lock-In Period
The time period during which the borrower is guaranteed an interest rate by the lender. - Margin
The time period during which the borrower is guaranteed an interest rate by the lender. - Market Value
The lowest price a seller would accept and the highest price that a buyer would pay on a property. The price a property could be sold for at a given time could differ from the market value. - Mortgage
A voluntary lien filed against a property to secure a debt, usually a loan. - Mortgage Banker
A company that originates and services mortgages exclusively for resale in the secondary mortgage market (to other lenders and investors). Certain mortgage bankers are subsidiaries of depository institutions or their holding companies but do not receive money from individual depositors. - Mortgage Broker
An independent professional or company that brings together borrowers and lenders for loan origination purposes, both in residential and commercial circumstances. Mortgage brokers typically charge a fee or require a commission for their services. - Mortgage Insurance (MI)
Insurance that protects lenders against losses caused by a borrower's default on a mortgage loan. MI typically is required if the borrower's down payment is less than 20% of the purchase price. - Mortgage Insurance Premium
Insurance provided to the lender from the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) to cover an instance of the borrower defaulting on the mortgage. Borrowers pay one-half percent each month on FHA insured mortgage loans. - Negative Amortization
When a borrower's monthly payments are not large enough to pay all the interest due on the loan. The unpaid interest then is added to the unpaid balance of the loan. Negative amortization can cause home buyers to owe more than the original amount of the loan. - Net Effective Income
The borrower's gross income minus federal income tax. - Non-Assumption Clause
A portion of a mortgage contract prohibiting the assumption of the mortgage without the approval of the lender beforehand. - Origination Fee
Lenders charge the borrowers this fee to cover the services needed to take a loan application, process it, and prepare it for closing; it is typically computed as a percentage of the face value of the loan. - Paper Trail
Copies of all paperwork to cover the lender should the borrower default on the loan. Depending on the lender, this may be required from the borrower. It can include copies of all checks, deposit slips, loan paperwork, forms to liquidate assets, etc. - PITI
An acronym for the four primary components of a monthly mortgage payment: principal, interest, taxes, and insurance (PITI). - Pre-Payment
The ability established in the mortgage agreement for a borrower to make advanced payments before their due date. - Pre-Payment Penalty
A fee that a borrower may be required to pay to the lender, in the early years of a mortgage loan, for repaying the loan in full or prepaying a substantial amount to reduce the unpaid principle balance. - Prepaid Expenses
Needed to create an escrow account or to adjust the seller's existing escrow account; taxes, hazard insurance, private mortgage insurance and special assessments can be included in the prepaid expenses. - Prequalification
A preliminary assessment by a lender of the amount it will lend to a potential homebuyer. The process of determining how much money a prospective home buyer may be eligible to borrow before he or she applies for a loan. - Principal
The amount of money owed on a loan, excluding interest. Also, the part of the monthly payment that reduces the remaining balance of a mortgage. - Private Mortgage Insurance (PMI)
Insurance coverage required for expenses incurred if the borrower defaults on the loan. Borrowers typically are required to carry private mortgage insurance when they have a small percentage of a down payment to offer. An initial premium payment of 1% to 5% of your mortgage amount will be required. Private mortgage insurance also may necessitate an additional monthly fee depending on the borrower's loan structure. - Recordings Fee
A lender is paid this money for recording a home sale with the local authorities; this makes it part of the public records. - Refinance
Acquiring a new mortgage loan on a property already owned; this usually is done to replace an existing loan on the property (often to benefit from a lower interest rate). - Rescission
The cancellation of a contract. In regard to mortgage refinancing, by law the homeowner has three days to cancel the new loan if the agreement uses equity in the home as security. - RESPA
Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act. Through this, lenders are obligated to disclose information to potential customers throughout the mortgage process. By doing so, it protects borrowers from abuses by lending institutions. RESPA requires lenders to fully inform borrowers about all closing costs, lender servicing, escrow account practices, and business relationships between closing service providers and other parties to the transaction. - Second Mortgage
A mortgage that has a lien position subordinate to the first mortgage. - Settlement Agent
The party involved in completing a transaction between a buyer and seller. This is done through the transfer of securities to the buyer and the transfer of cash or other compensation to the seller. - Simple Interest
Interest calculated only on the principle balance. - Survey
Conducted by a registered land surveyor, this measurement of land shows the location of the land with reference to known points, its dimensions, and the location and dimensions of any buildings. - Title
Indicates ownership of property. A property owner is said to be "in title." - Title Insurance
Coverage against loss or damage resulting from an error in title ownership to a particular piece of property. Title insurance protects against inaccuracies made during a title search as well as issues that could not be known or discovered through the public records such as missing heirs, mistakes, fraud and forgery. - Title Search
When a title company or title attorney researches municipal records to verify the legal ownership of a property. - Underwriting
A step in the loan process where it is decided if a loan will be provided to a potential homebuyer; this decision is based on credit, employment, assets, and other factors and the matching of this risk to an appropriate rate and term or loan amount. - VA (or U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs)
A federal government agency that provides benefits to veterans and their dependents, including health care, educational assistance, financial assistance, and guaranteed home loans. - Verification of Deposits (VOD)
The borrower's financial institution signs this document to verify the status and balance of his/her financial accounts. - Verification of Employment (VOE)
The borrower's employer signs this document to verify his/her position and salary.